The Art of Benin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Art of Benin - Essay Example The way in which it was written about suggests that the city gained the respect of European travellers. The Portuguese called it the Great Benin where the Dutch writer Nyendale referred to it as â€Å"prodigious long and broad† which suggests that the writer was impressed with what he had observed (Gallway 1893, p. 128). History only exists when it is related to the following generations; otherwise it must be considered lost. Certeau and Conley (1988) refer to the creation of history as an interpretation that lies between both the conveying of facts and the interpretation of those facts in a social dimension. In other words, history becomes the interpretation of the evidence into a context that can be related into modernity. Certeau and Conley (1988: p. 21) also write that â€Å"History is probably our myth. It combines what can be thought, the ‘thinkable,’ and the origin, in conformity with the way in which a society can understand its own working†. This c an also be discussed in terms of how one society will interpret what it sees within another society. As the writers that were contemporary saw the kingdom of Benin as prosperous in relationship to their own standards of prosperity, it was written about in those types of terms. ... ggests that the place that was Benin no longer is the same as it was when historic visits captured the essence of prosperity in interpretations in relationship to how it was viewed by those relating their experiences. Through the collision of cultures, the evidence of one culture that would not otherwise be captured in the histories of another can be remembered when a place has long since been a reflection of its former glory. Benin is remembered in Western histories which have helped to preserve it as part of the understanding that Western cultures can develop about the part of the world in which it once held its glory. Even though prosperity of the city is remembered as it is related to Western ideals, it means that Western cultures have a perspective on how the place existed within the framework of its own meanings and understandings about a city culture. Part 2 The way in which a museum is more likely to present a body of works is related to the culture in which it is being displ ayed rather than the culture from which the works are being taken. As an example, when museums first began to show the works of the Benin, the focus was on representing it as a primitive culture because the culture in which it was being displayed considered African cultures to have a lack of sophistication and to be essentially primitive. The artworks that were available from the Benin culture did not relate well with the images that had been promoted with the Benin civilization (Brown 2008). The society was not considered a civilization as Western cultures were still trying to reconcile their own participation in slavery of the African people and could not yet accept that cultures that did not reflect the European ethnicity could be truly civilized (Parker and Rathborn 2007). Histories

Pharmaceutical Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmaceutical Industry - Essay Example This is to ensure the safety of administering a new drug to health volunteers and patients (Novartis 2004). Prior to the therapeutic trials in patients, which is the Phase 1 trials, the pharmaceutical company will need to have: the preclinical testing data and findings from the laboratory studies, the manufacturing information, clinical protocols and investigator information in the form of an Investigator's Brochure which will contain all the information about the study drug (MHRA 2006). This information will be required by the licensing authority, which in the UK is the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency as part of the application for a Clinical Trials Authorisation which would enable a trial to be conducted in humans. In addition to this Authorisation, the pharmaceutical company will need to obtain a favourable ethical opinion and approval from the site where this drug will be tested. Once all required approvals are in place, the drug can be tested in a Phase 1 trial in healthy subjects. If the results of this trial are positive and no serious adverse events or suspected unexpected serious adverse events occur, then this progresses to a Phase 2 trial in subjects with the disease or medical condition. The key issues that

Walmart the functions of an organisation Marketing Essay

Walmart the functions of an organisation Marketing Essay Marketing is one the functions of an organisation that most connects an organisation to its environment. It maintains relations with the customers. It also involves satisfying needs of the customers. It incorporates hoe a business should be conducted and a set of values and processes that are put into practice(Naylor, 2004, p.525). According to Kotler Marketing can be defined as a nodal and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others (Kotler et al., 1999, p.10).The key ideas in this definition are needs, wants and demands, value and satisfaction, exchange, transactions and relationships and markets. The American marketing association defines marketing as a process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create changes that satisfy individual and organisational goals (Kotler, 2002, p.4). There are numerous theories t hat are part of marketing as a subject. This essay aims at identifying the key concepts of marketing and how are these concepts can be studied and applied to a functioning of an organisation which is Walmart in this case. Walmart is an American public corporation that operates a chain of large discount department stores and a chain of warehouse stores.. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. It is publically traded on New York Stock Exchange. The company is the largest private employer with approximately 2.1 million employees. It operates in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom and, through a joint venture, in India. Walmart became an international company in 1991 when it opened its first Sams Club near Mexico City. Two major concepts of marketing are the market orientation a firm has and the marketing mix it follows. Wal-Mart has its own market orientation and a marketing mix that it has adopted. Market orientation is an approach that a business has to run its operations and achieve its organisational objectives. These are the different ways that a business approaches its customers and determines how an organisation carries out its marketing activities. They guide the marketing efforts of an organisation. The different marketing orientations are as follows: 1.Production: Production oriented firm focuses on large scale production of goods that can be made widely available. It also focuses on efficiency issues. There is little focus on customer needs and their wants. It is based on the Says law which says Supply creates its own demand. 2.Product: A product oriented firm focuses on the quality and features of the product. It assumes that the customers want the best quality products for their money. Continuous improvement and refinement of products is also a very important factor. 3.Selling : In this market orientation the main focus is on selling and promotion of the products. It is assumed that good marketing efforts will persuade enough customers to buy the product. It tends to ignore what the customers really want or need. 4.Marketing : It is an approach which keeps customers at the centre. It involves doing a market research and identifying the needs of the consumers and thus making products that satisfy the consumer needs in the best and most efficient way. It is assumed that identifying the customer needs gives a firm a sustainable competitive advantage. 5. Socially Responsible Marketing: It involves responding to the ethical issues in a society. It is related to the corporate social responsibility of a business. It informs consumers of the various contributions that the business is making towards the society and makes a good image of the business as a whole. Different businesses have different market orientations. The two most important aspects of Wal-Marts market orientation are product and market. Wal-Mart offers a huge variety of products. Their aim is to satisfy almost every possible need that might arise. Wal-Mart is not a store for people from a specific age group or income group. In fact it serves people from every age group and income level. Wal-Mart also works with its suppliers and uses a testing laboratory called a consumers testing lab. It runs test on food items, clothing ,electronics etc. By doing this it ensures that the goods it delivers to its customers are of highest quality. The second aspect of its market orientation is Marketing. Wal-Mart uses detailed market research and customer segmentation to better deliver against the customer needs. Wal-Marts ability to recognise changes in the retailing industry has given it a huge advantage over its competitors. This has only been possible because of the intensive market research it undertakes before making any strategic decision. Before making any promotional strategy they measure the return on investment. They evaluate everything such as how many customers will see the advertisement, how many will react to it, how many will actually buy the product. They have huge customer data and sales data. They even share the sales data with their suppliers in order to keep the most popular items stocked and to persuade its suppliers to supply goods which are most popular among the consumers. So it changes itself according to the customer needs and sell products which customers want and not what it has to sell. It also pr omotes relationship marketing and uses one to one relationship marketing tactics. For e.g. a person greeted every customer who came in and said goodbye to each person who left. Wal-Mart has always closely observed its market using different research methods and has always successfully anticipated the change in consumer tastes and preferences and changed itself accordingly so it always keeps its customers at the centre. Another important theory of marketing management is the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the set of marketing tools that a firm uses to achieve its marketing objectives in a specific target market. The tools can be classified into four categories namely Price, Place Promotion and Product and are referred to as the 4 Ps. Price and advertising costs etc. can be altered in the short run but elements such as product and the distribution channel can only be changed in the long run. .( Kotler, 2002, p.9 )These variables affect the level of demand for a firms products. It is a combination of these tools that are used to satisfy consumer and company objectives. The four variables can be explained as follows: 1. Price: Price is an important factor in the marketing mix when the products are not bad. People want to use money thoughtfully and want maximum utility out of their income. Discounts, allowances, payment terms and credit are some of the tools used to attract customers. 2.Product: Product is the top priority in the marketing mix. Some of the strategies that firms may use are quality, design , features, packaging and warranties etc. Using these tools a company can differentiate its products from its competitors. 3.Place: The place element is becoming more important these days. Big retailers make it more convenient for people to buy everything. Locations, inventory and transport etc are areas that are important for a business. 4.Promotion: People should know about the products of a company. Effective way to advertise the products necessary. Sales promotion, sales force ,direct marketing and public relations are some examples that come under promotion aspect of the marketing mix. We can relate these 4 Ps with different strategies that Wal-Mart adopts. Price is the most important factor for Wal-Marts marketing mix and is the winning formula for the company. The company has build an image over the years that its name has become a synonym to low prices. The mission of the company is to provide cheapest prices in the market. It is because of its such low prices that it has been able to serve and fulfil the needs of millions of customers. Wal-Mart has the best and the most convenient store locations which its competitors find difficult to beat. This is due to the extensive market research it does before expanding into a new area. Also the stores are strategically located to gain efficiency in storage and transportation of its goods. However the company has saturated the local markets and now has plans to extend its operations in many foreign countries. As Wal-Mart offers variety of products for every segment of the market it ensures that its customers get the high est quality products. Some products are sold under its own brand whereas some other from other companies. Wal-Mart often comes up with packaging techniques that help reduce the cost of the goods sold. Now the company is trying to attract more affluent customers by launching new Metro 7 Stalls which offer jewellery and other expensive items in 1500 different stores. (source: http://walmartstores.com/pressroom/news/5721.aspx). Coming to promotion the most notable strategy that the company uses is public relations by taking parts in charitable events. It started health plans starting from $23 and also advertised itself as the largest employer. All these strategies have helped Wal-Mart emerge as the market leader in the retail sector and the key factors being low prices, more customer service and constant innovation in the business.

The Importance Of The Press Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Importance of the Press   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The newspaper is a powerful medium. It is powerful because it has the ability to influence the way that people view the world, as well as their opinion of what they see. In peaceful times (or in times of oppression, for sometimes they can appear to be happening at the same moment) the press is usually one of the instruments used by the state in order to maintain the status quo. However, during times of political unrest it is often the press who becomes the major antagonist in the fight against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is this so? Why does the press get so deeply involved in, not just the reporting of, but the instigating and propagating of political change? In order to properly answer this question there are several other key ideas and questions which must first be examined. To understand the nature of the press' involvement in political change, one must initially understand the nature of political change in its own right. In this vein, the first section of the paper is dedicated to this investigation. An examination of the motives behind revolution will be given in order to provide a framework for the second part of the paper, which will look at the involvement of the press during revolutionary times in more specific terms. The French revolution of 1789 will be used as a backdrop for this inquiry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different types of political movements, and accordingly there are many different reasons for these movements to occur. Value-oriented and norm-oriented movements deal with matters of social and political concern, but do so in the setting of the already existing political and social structures. Revolutionary movements seek to make fundamental changes to society in order to establish a completely new political and social order.1 The distinction being that the first aims to make subtle changes to society from within, while the latter's aim is to make drastic changes to society by getting rid of the principles that society was based on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually this will involve a change in political beliefs and values, or political ideology. In today's world there are numerous forms of political ideologies, but in essence they are all derived from two basic root ideologies; socialism and liberalism. Socialism is an ideology w... ... Prelude to Power, The Parisian radical Press: 1789-1791, Maryland: the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976 The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French revolution, edited by William F. Church, Canada: D.C. Heath and Company, 1974 Darton, Robert and Daniel Roche, Revolution in Print: The Press in France 1775- 1800, USA: New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox & Tilden Foundations, 1989 Guy, James John, People, Politics & Government, Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada Inc., 1990. Osler, Andrew. News, The Evolution of Journalism in Canada. Missisauga: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1993. Popkin, Jeremy D. Revolutionary News, The Press in France 1789-1799. USA: Duke University Press, 1990. Footnotes 1James John Guy, People, Politics and Government, (Toronto, 1990), p. 103. 2 Ibid., p. 81 3 Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of revolution, (USA, 1968), pp. 162-3 4Ibid., p. 28. 5Andrew M. Osler, News, The Evolution of Journalism in Canada, (Canada, 1993), p. 54. 6Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News The Press in France, 1789-1799, (USA, 1990), pp. 19-20. 7Ibid., p. 22-3. 8Ibid., p.25. 9Ibid., p. 26. 10Ibid., p.28. 11Ibid., p. 2. 12Ibid., p. 3. 13Ibid., p. 3. 14Osler, p. 54. t

Impact of Environmental Regulations on Industry

| IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON INDUSTRY| Individual Project BEng AE3082| | | | PIYUM CHATHURANGA PALLIYAGURUGE – K0920258 25/11/2011 | Marked By – Dr Andy Lung Contents Introduction2 Objectives3 Deliverables4 Literature Review (Findings up to date)5 1. General environmental issues and legislations5 2. Environmental legislations and issues on the manufacturing industry and materials6 3. Aerospace related environmental legislations and issues. 7 Gantt Chart9 Discussion10 Reference11 Bibliography11 Appendix11 Introduction The development of the world around us has been increasing rapidly in many areas during the past years.As a result of the development the human lifestyle has become easier and efficient. Unfortunately these benefits from development have come at a price, the price been environmental pollution. The developing process affects the environmental stability of the world in many different ways such as climate change, global warming and health hazards. With the intention of preventing or minimizing these negative effects, governments and other officials have brought forward many environmental regulations. These regulations have an influence on our daily lifestyle and on how industries operate.The history of environmental regulations in Europe goes back to the 19th century when the industrial revolution took place. In 1972 European officials introduced environmental policies with three main objectives. The main objectives were to prevent and reduce environmental damage, to support environmental stability and to balance the use of natural resources. Since then the environmental policies has been changing and affecting many industries around the globe. Some main industries include the building industry, automotive industry, manufacturing industry and aviation industry.Different industries handle environmental regulations using different approaches and the specific impact on the industry differs from one to another. Although the impac t on the industries differ the general out comes by enforcing regulations will remain the same. It is vital to look in to the bigger picture of global environmental protection rather than just concentrating on minor drawbacks which can occurs during the protection process. [EU Environmental Policies,2006] Environmental regulations also have a significant effect on the general public.It is reasonable to state that environmental policies have changed almost every aspect of our lives. Presently more and more people consider been eco-friendly which can be seen from their decision making. There is a direct link between the public and the industries. If the industries introduce more eco-friendly products the public will appreciate them and will consume, the best example for this is the hybrid car. This scenario also works the other way around; if the public insist to have more efficient and eco-friendly products the industry will fulfil their needs.By making this connection stronger it wi ll be easy to restore environmental stability and maintain it with less aggravation. Industries have taken many steps to minimise pollution and to prevent future pollution. This project will look in to the environmental impact on the aviation (aerospace) industry and how it will affect the future of the industry and it will also investigate where the aviation industry stands presently when it comes to environmental regulations. Aviation pollution is highly experienced in and around airports.This is the reason why I selected this specific project. My future plan is to study further on Airport Planning and Management; furthermore my ambition is to work for my country â€Å"Sri Lanka†. Sri Lanka is a developing country which has less experience on the subject of environmental pollution which is another reason for me to select this project. Objectives In order to make the progression of the project easy, the project is carried out in three main stages. This will also help to be o n track according to the project plan; these three stages are illustrated as following.Stage 1 – This stage helps to get an idea on what the project is really about and gives an idea what to expect in the future. Stage one mainly involves general broad reading. Objectives for stage one is as follows. * Planning the project * What is environmental pollution about * The history of the regulations established to protect the environment * Critical analysis of environmental regulations * How environmental regulations effect the general public * Environmental regulations and different industries * Future of the regulations * Introductions to aviation and environmental regulations * Any other general readingStage 2 – The stage two helps to build up own opinions and gain more information on the actual subject. One other main objective in stage two is to think about possible applications for the project. The objectives for stage two is as follows. * Altering the project plan if needed * Regulations on the aviation industry * How the industry act according to the regulations * How different is the aviation industry when compared to other industries * Building up an own opinion on the subject * Possible applications for the project * Report submission (the planning report)Stage 3 – This is the final stage of the project where the possible application is developed based on own opinions of the subject. The reading done in this stage should be more specified on the subject. By doing research it is important to do an in-depth analysis of specific subject data. By stage three the application of the project should be specifying a particular subject, if the application is too general or talks about many issues it will be hard to reach to a conclusion for the project. The objectives for stage three are as follows. * In-depth reading on specified subject area (aviation) Working on one specific application * Coming to a conclusion based on the specified applic ation * Presentation on the project * Report submission (final report) Deliverables General aim of the project was briefly explained earlier in the introduction. If it is to be recapped again, the general aim is to evaluate the impact by environmental legislations on the aerospace industry. For this particular topic there can be many end applications since it is a broad subject area, therefore it is important to narrow the subject matters into a one specified section and continue with the application.By the time the application is completed there will be some deliverables. To explain the deliverables a probable application is used. The application used here might not be exactly the same as the final application of the project since it is only an initial application. Application – Air Traffic (aviation) and environmental legislation What will be looked into? (What will be found out during the project? ) * How airlines operate (in the EU and Global) * Growth of the air transpor t * What is the impact What is the attitude from the airlines towards the regulations * Environmental damage including the present past and future * What will be the future for the aviation under the regulation * Comparison aviation to other industries (environmental aspects) * Some other points ( manufacture of aircrafts/economy/other related pollutions) * Finally criticizing the analysis with the own opinion Deliverables change according to a selected application. One other possible application that can be use is to look in to the manufacturing of aircrafts, materials used and how waste is treated according to environmental legislations.In order to gain all the mentioned deliverables the project should be at the end of stage three as stated in the objectives. Since this project is still at stage two the deliverables might change as the project progresses. Literature Review (Findings up to date) The initial literature review was done in three categories which are, 1. General (any i ndustry other than aerospace) environmental issues and legislations. 2. Environmental legislations and issue on manufacturing industry and materials. 3. Aerospace related environmental legislations and issues.This way of reading was used to make sure that a broad general knowledge is gained on environmental subjects before stepping in to the specified topic. 1. General environmental issues and legislations History of the environmental policies, legislations and organisations [EU Environmental Policies,2006] As mentioned earlier in the introduction the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first brought forward official policies in 1973. Up to now 5 major regulation changes were done by the EPA. Changes were done to address current environmental issues which existed during specific times.EPA gatherings during the past years is as following, * 1st EPA 1973 – Made rules to save water, air and soil. Since it was the first EPA many other new rules were established. * 2nd EPA (1977 -1981) – Did not publish any new regulation. It was held to review the progress of the first EPA. * 3rd EPA (1982-1986) – Discussion on the impact of environmental legislations and economy. Emission rules and how to effectively get rid of waste. * 4th EPA (1987-1992) – Increasing the general quality of the regulations. Introducing taxing and emission permits.Discussion on waste cycles. Analysing impacts on the economy caused by environmental regulations. Discussion on climate changes. * Last EPA up to date (1997-2003) – Renewal of emission standards. * Nest EPA – climate change, natural resources, recycling etc. A critical analysis of EU environmental legislations [EU Environmental Policies,2006] * Environmental regulations change all the time. * In some cases environmental regulations has an influence on economy. * It has been 30 year from the beginning of the EPA but still they are unable to complete some projects.Natural resource use has been in creased and destruction of natural habitats has also increased. * The laws are not effective and regulations are not accessible for the public. The public should be educated more about pollution. Construction industry and environmental impact [Natural Building Technology,2011] * The construction industry induce 7% (from the total) carbon dioxide in the UK. Using of buildings induce 50% carbon dioxide. * Getting rid of the waste is a major issue faced by the construction industry. * Construction industry requires natural resources such as wood. This leads to environmental pollution. Most of the natural resources are taken from China, India and South East Asia, therefore the damage is not directly done to the county where buildings are constructed. Environmental legislation impact on the automotive industry [The Open University,2003] * First emission standards were introduced in 1959 for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission. * Most of the world use emission testing for vehicles. * The regulations are tight on the diesel engine use. * Due to the regulations engine life span is getting less and new designs are introduced frequently. * Regulations has changed customer point of view.They are looking for more efficient engines with less noise for a reasonable price. * Due to the hybrid and electric vehicles the future of the diesel engine is not promising. 2. Environmental legislations and issues on the manufacturing industry and materials Environmental Materials [UK Centre for Materials Education, 2011] * Stages of material usage include extraction, production, product design and disposal. * The subject environmental materials look in to the material structure, chemical and physical properties. Other than that it also looks in to the economical point of view. Picture below shows the lifecycle of a material Diagram 01, Life Cycle Analysis [UK Centre for Materials Education, 2011] The impact of environmental regulations on the UK manufacturing sector [Nottingham U niversity, 2011] * In a country the economy and environmental pollution is not proportional if that country has proper regulations. * Current regulations act as a helping hand towards the development. * Some regulations are not helping innovation. * More flexible regulations are good for the economy. * UK manufactures always select the short term regulations. * Many companies now use materials with produce less waste. . Aerospace related environmental legislations and issues. Growth of aviation [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * Since 2006 the growth has been 30% and it will double by 2020. The growth from 1995 to 2015 is nearly 300%. * Aviation has the highest growth rate of all modern transport methods. * Global revenue passenger kilometres (RPK) increased by a factor of 4. 6 (since 1970-1995). RPK growth for different regions are- North America 27. 5%/Europe 12. 5%/America to Europe 11%/ Asia to America to Europe 12. 7/rest of the world 36. 5%. But by today Asia (china and India) has the highest RPK due to the rapid development. By 2015 310 million passengers will go through UK airports (in 1995 it was 126 million). Noise pollution by aviation[Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * The noise pollution is commonly experienced around the airports. Officials claims that the noise footprint of the UK airports has gone down, but complaints from the public against the new terminal 5 in Heathrow airport proved that claim was wrong. * In Netherland noise pollution by aircrafts is 12%. * UK officials claim that the number of people exposed to noise pollution has rapidly gone down, but Germany had done an investigation on the same matter and came up with a different claim.They stated that there is an increase in the number of people who are exposed. * Noise pollution effects human health in many different ways. Pollution by aircraft emission [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * Gasses which pollute the environment – carbon monoxide/ nitrogen oxides/ ozone / particula te matter (PM)/ volatile organic compounds (VOC)/ sulphur dioxide. * UK officials claim that aviation pollution is insignificant, but US data for Zurich and Stockholm airports show that aviation emission pollution is significant in well-defined geographical area. Table below shows the Heathrow airport annual emission data Diagram 02, Heathrow airport annual emission [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * Prediction shows that by 2050 carbon dioxide will increase by 588% and nitrogen Oxide by 411%. * Aircraft emission at upper troposphere and lower stratosphere can cause serious climate change problems. Policy measures and management in aviation [Professor John Whitelegg ,2000] * There are fewer regulations for the aviation industry when compared to other industries. * Aviation industry should also follow regulations as other industries do. Current environmental regulations on aviation are out dated. * Aircraft fuel is not under any taxing. * To control pollution it is important to manag e the transport demand. * If a new regulation is introduces it should be introduced step by step. All the above mentioned points are from initial literature review. These data are brief descriptions obtained from broad reading. More detailed data are available in the log book. Gantt Chart The time period from 29/09/11 to 25/11/11 represents the stage one and two from the objectives.By the time this report is completed this section will be completed. Stage one and two has only got four slots allocated and it is only a quarter of the total slots available. This shows that the amount of work which has to be done in stage 3 is comparatively high. The time allocation for specified reading, preparation for the final report and project seminar report and poster submission is relatively high. These are very important tasks of the project therefore they are going to consume more time relative to other tasks. The third stage starts on the 26/11/11 and it ends on 26/04/12.Note – A full sized Gantt chart is attached in the appendix. Discussion The initial literature review shows general connections and areas where environment regulations have failed to achieve the required results. The regulations have been there for almost 30 years now but still most of the issues are not completely solved. Greenhouse gas emission has considerably decreased during the past years, but the rate of decline is not that impressive. The natural resource use has also rapidly increased up to a point where the general public can feel the effects of it.It is fair to say that the world is in desperate need of finding alternative sustainable energy methods to survive in the future. There is a hidden truth behind the use of natural resource by developed countries. Most of the developed countries have limited their natural resource use but in order to fulfil their needs, natural resources are imported from other developing countries. This may seem great on the developed countries side but what they do not realise is the fact that negative effects from harvesting natural resources (no matter where it comes from) is going to be global.By going through the data I feel like the environmental regulations has gone easy on the aviation industry when compared to other industries. Best example for this is the fact that automotive emission percentages are declining while aircraft emissions are on the rise. As an excuse for this most officials (mainly in the UK) compares data from 30 years back and claims, there is a drop in emission levels, but what they are not doing is, comparing data with other industries. If the emission is compared with other industries it will be glaringly obvious that more work should be done on aircraft emission standards.One main reason for the slackness towards the environmental regulation on aviation industry is that aircraft traffic only contributes a small percentage towards the total pollution of the planet. But this claim is not that accurate, it doe sn’t take in to account the manufacturing process of aircrafts, natural resources used in the process and vehicle emissions due to airport traffic. Emission is not the only environmental problem caused by aviation, noise pollution is another main issue caused by aviation. New research shows that exposition to high noise levels can cause serious damage to people.People who are continually exposed to high noise levels are more likely to gain noise related health issues, due to this fact living near airports can be a prime reason for health hazards. Likewise there are many unsolved problems involving the environmental pollution and aircraft industry. More details regarding issues and practical solutions for the issues will be researched and criticised in the next stage of this project. Furthermore an appropriate application will also be used to narrow the subject in order to make it more specific.Reference * EU Environmental Policies, 2006 – A short history of the policy strategies. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. eeb. org/publication/chapter-3. pdf> Last accessed 20th Oct 2011 * Natural Building Technology, 2011– Environmental Impact. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. natural-building. co. uk/environmental_impact. html> Last accessed 30th Sep 2011 * The Open University, 2003– Environmental legislation as a driver of design. [Online ] Available at : < http://oro. open. ac. uk/13233/1/13233. df> Last accessed 3th Oct 2011 * UK Centre for Materials Education, 2011– Environmental Materials. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. materials. ac. uk/guides/environmental. asp> Last accessed 24th Oct 2011 * Nottingham University, 2011– The Impact of Environmental Regulations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [Online ] Available at : < http://www. nottingham. ac. uk/business/lizrr1_Profrep. pdf> Last accessed 26th Oct 2011 * Professor John Whitelegg ,2000– Aviation: the social, economic and environmental impact of flying [Online ] Available at : < http://www. reco. org/air10. pdf> Last accessed 27th Oct 2011 Bibliography * The Economic Impact of Environmental Regulation (Page 1) (http://web. mit. edu/polisci/mpepp/Reports/Econ%20Impact%20Enviro%20Reg. pdf) * Carbon Capture & Storage (http://www. scottish-enterprise. com/~/media/SE/Resources/Documents/ABC/Carbon-capture-and-storage-opportunities-for-Scotland. ashx) * Environmental law (http://www. ukela. org/rte. asp? id=14) Appendix

Upsee 2009

UPSEE – 2009 Full Paper Section-1 Physics 1. If 3. 8 ? 10-6 is added to 4. 2 ? 10-5 giving due regard to significant figures, then the result will be : 1) 4. 58 ? 10-5 2) 4. 6 ? 10-5 3) 4. 5 ? 10-5 4) None of these 2. A ball is dropped from a bridge at a height of 176. 4 m over a river. After 2 s, a second ball is thrown straight downwards. What should be the initial velocity of the second ball so that both hit the water simultaneously ? 1) 2. 45 ms-1 2) 49 ms-1 3) 14. 5 ms-1 4) 24. 5 ms-1 3. Which of the following are true ? 1. A body having constant speed can have varying velocity. . Position time graphs for two objects with zero relative velocity are parallel. 3. The numerical ratio of velocity to speed of an object can never be more than one. 1) 1 only 2) 2 and 3 3) All 4) None of these 4. The centripetal acceleration of a body moving in a circle of radius 100 m with a time period of 2 s will be 1) 98. 5 ms-2 2) 198. 5 ms-2 3) 49. 29 ms-2 4) 985. 9 ms-2 5. How many NAND ga tes are used in an OR gate? 1) Four 2) Two 3) Three 4) Five 1/39 eng. edooni. com 6. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing. The exhaust speed is 800 ms-1.To give an initial upward acceleration of 20 ms-2, the amount of gas ejected per second to supply the needed thrust will be (g = 10 ms-2) 1) 127. 5 kg s-1 2) 187. 5 kg s-1 3) 185. 5 kg s-1 4) 137. 5 kg s-1 7. Induction furnace is based on the heating effect of 1) electric field 2) eddy current 3) magnetic field 4) gravitational field 8. A 5. 0 ? F capacitor is charged to a potential difference of 800 V and discharged through a conductor. The energy given to the conductor during the discharge is 1) 1. 6 ? 10-2 J 2) 3. 2 J 3) 1. 6 J 4) 4. 2 J 9.If the electric field is given by (5i + 4j + 9 ), the electric flux through a surface of area 20 unit lying in the Y-Z plane will be 1) 100 unit 2) 80 unit 3) 180 unit 4) 20 unit 10. An aluminium (Al) rod with area of cross-section 4 ? 10-6 m 2 has a current of 5 A flowing through it. Fi nd the drift velocity of electron in the rod. Density of Al = 2. 7 ? 103 kgm -3 and atomic wt. = 27 u. Assume that each Al atom provides one electron. 1) 8. 6 ? 10-4 ms-1 2) 1. 3 ? 10-4 ms-1 3) 2. 8 ? 10-2 ms-1 4) 3. 8 ? 10-3 ms-1 11. Taking the internal resistance of the battery as negligible, the steady state current in the 2? esistor shown in the figure will be 2/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 1. 8 A 2) 2. 9 A 3) 0. 9 A 4) 2. 8 A 12. Which statement is true ? 1. Kirchhoff's law is equally applicable to both AC and DC. 2. Semiconductors have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. 3. Meter bridge is greater sensitive when the resistance of all the four arms of the bridge are of the same order. 4. The emf of a cell depends upon the size and area of electordes. 1) 1 and 4 2) 2 and 4 3) 3 and 4 4) None of these 13. Six resistors, each of value 3 are connected as shown in the figure. A cell of emf 3 V is ? onnected across AB. The effective resistance across AB and the current throug h the arm AB will be 1) 0. 6 ? , 1 A 2) 1. 5 ? , 2 A 3) 0. 6 ? , 2 A 4) 1. 5 ? , 1 A 3/39 eng. edooni. com 14. If t1 and t2 are the times taken by two different coils for producing same heat with same supply, then the time taken by them to produce the same heat when connected in parallel will be 1) t1t2/(t1 + t2) 2) t1 + t2 3) t1t2 4) (t1 + t2)/t1t2 15. In a p-n junction diode, a square input signal of 10 V is applied as shown in figure. The output signal across RL will be 1) 2) 3) 4) 16.Neutrino emission in ? -decay was predicted theoretically by 1) Planck 2) Heisenberg 3) Laue 4) Pauli 17. A telescope consists of two thin lenses of focal lengths 0. 3 m and 3 cm respectively. It is focused on moon which subtends on angle of 0. 5 ° at the objective. Then, the angle subtended at the eye by the final image will be 1) 5 ° 2) 0. 25 ° 3) 0. 5 ° 4) 0. 35 ° 18. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence a nd the latter is equal to (3/4) the angle of prism. The angle of deviation is 1) 25 ° 2) 30 ° /39 3) 45 ° 4) 35 ° eng. edooni. com 1) 25 ° 2) 30 ° 3) 45 ° 4) 35 ° 19. A parallel monochromatic beam of light is incident normally on a narrow slit. A diffraction pattern is formed on a screen placed perpendicular to the direction of the incident beam. At the first minimum of the diffraction pattern, the phase difference between the rays coming from the two edges of slit is 1) zero 2) ? 3) ? /2 4) 2 ? 20. A wire of length 2 m carrying a current of 1 A is bent to form a circle, the magnetic moment of the coil is 1) 2? Am 2 2) (1/? ) Am 2 3) ? Am 2 4) (2/? ) Am 2 21.Which of the following particles will describe the smallest circle when projected with the same velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field ? 1) Electron 2) Proton 3) ? -particle 4) Deuteron 22. Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at room temperature. If the temperature is increased beyond curie temperature, the n it will show 1) paramagnetism 2) diamagnetism 3) anti-ferromagnetism 4) no magnetic property 23. A metal disc of radius 100 cm is rotated at a constant angular speed of 60 rads-1 in a plane at right angles to an external field of magnetic induction 0. 5 Wbm -2. The emf induced between the centre and a point on the rim will be 1) 3 V 2) 1. 5 V 3) 6 V 4) 9 V 24. Which of the following is NOT an illustration of Newton's third law ? 1) Flight of a jet plane 2) A cricket player lowering his hands while catching a cricket ball 3) Walking on floor 4) Rebounding of a rubber ball 5/39 eng. edooni. com 25. Four blocks of same mass connected by cords are pulled by a force F on a smooth horizontal surface, as shown in figure. The tensions T 1, T 2 and T 3 will be F 27. Which of the following statements is wrong ? ) KE of a body is independent of the direction of motion 2) In an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum and energy of each body is conserved 3) If two protons are brought tow ards each other, the PE of the system decreases 4) A body can not have energy without momentum 28. A car is moving along a circular path of radius 500 m with a speed of 30 ms-1. If at some instant, its speed increases at the rate of 2 ms-2, then at that instant the magnitude of resultant acceleration will be 1) 4. 7 ms-2 2) 3. 8 ms-2 3) 3 ms-2 4) 2. 7 ms-2 29. A constant power P is applied to a car starting from rest.If v is the velocity of the car at time t, then 1) v 2) v 3) v 4) v t (1/t) vt 1/vt 30. The effect of rotation of the earth on the value of acceleration due to gravity is 1) g is maximum at the equator and minimum at the poles 2) g is minimum at the equator and maximum at the poles 3) g is maximum at both places 4) g is minimum at both places 31. A heat engine is a device 6/39 eng. edooni. com 1) which converts mechanical energy into heat energy 2) which converts heat energy into mechanical energy 3) absorbs heat from a sink at a lower temperature and rejects to the sou rce at high temperature 4) None of the above 32.The ratio of the radii of gyration of a circular disc about a tangential axis in the plane of the disc and of a circular ring of the same radius about a tangential axis in the plane of the ring is 1) v3 : v5 2) v12 : v3 3) 1 : v3 4) v5 : v6 33. Two blocks of masses 6 kg and 4 kg are placed on a frictionless surface and connected by a spring. If the heavier mass is given a velocity of 14 ms-1 in the direction of lighter one, then the velocity gained by the centre of mass will be 1) 7. 4 ms-1 2) 14 ms-1 3) 8. 4 ms-1 4) 10 ms-1 34.Two identical pendulums are oscillating with amplitudes 4 cm and 8 cm. The ratio of their energies of oscillation will be 1) 1/3 2) 1/4 3) 1/9 4) 1/2 35. Fundamental frequency of a sonometer wire is n. If the length and diameter of the wire are doubled keeping the tension same, then the new fundamental frequency is 1) 2n/v2 2) n/2v2 3) v2n 4) n/4 36. Which of the following p-V diagrams best represents an isother mal process ? 1) 7/39 eng. edooni. com 2) 3) 4) 37. A body floats in a liquid contained in a beaker.If the whole system falls under gravity, then the upthrust on the body due to liquid is 1) equal to the weight of the body in air 2) equal to the weight of the body in liquid 3) zero 4) equal to the weight of the immersed part of the body 38. A car sounding its horn at 480 Hz moves towards a high wall at a speed of 20 ms-1. If the speed of sound is 340 ms-1, the frequency of the reflected sound heard by the girl sitting in the car will be closest to 1) 540 Hz 2) 524 Hz 3) 568 Hz 4) 480 Hz 39. A block A of mass 100 kg rests on another block B of mass 200 kg and is tied to a wall as shown in the figure.The coefficient of friction between A and B is 0. 2 and that between B and the ground is 0. 3. The minimum force F required to move the block B is (g = 10 ms-2) 8/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 900 N 2) 200 N 3) 1100 N 4) 700 N 40. A body takes n times as much time to slide down a 45 ° rough in cline as it takes to slide down a smooth 45 ° incline. The coefficient of friction is 1) 1 – (1/n2) 2) 1/(1 – n2) 3) v(1 – (1/n2)) 4) 1/v(1 – n2) 41. A force of (5 + 3x) N acting on a body of mass 20 kg along the x-axis displaces it from x = 2 m to x = 6 m. The work done by the force is 1) 20 J 2) 48 J 3) 68 J 4) 86 J 42.A rock of mass m is dropped to the ground from a height h. A second rock with mass 2 m is dropped from the same height. When second rock strikes the ground, what is its kinetic energy ? 1) Twice that of the first rock 2) Four times that of the first rock 3) The same as that of the first rock 4) Half that of the first rock 43. The escape velocity from the earth is 11 kms-1. The escape velocity from a planet having twice the radius and same mean density as that of earth is 1) 5. 5 kms-1 2) 11 kms-1 3) 22 kms-1 4) None of these 44. If one mole of a monoatomic gas (? (5/3)) is mixed with one mole of a diatomic gas ( = ? 9/39 eng. edooni. co m 44. If one mole of a monoatomic gas (? = (5/3)) is mixed with one mole of a diatomic gas ( = ? (7/5)), the value of ? for the mixture is 1) 1. 40 2) 1. 50 3) 1. 53 4) 3. 07 45. Two rods of the same length and diameter having thermal conductivities K1 and K2 are joined in parallel. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the combination is 1) K1K2/(K1 + K2) 2) K1 + K2 3) (K1 + K2)/2 4) vK1K2 46. A body initially at 80 °C cools to 64 °C in 5 min and to 52 °C in 10 min. The temperature of the surrounding is 1) 26 °C 2) 16 °C 3) 36 °C 4) 40 °C 47.A cylindrical tube open at both ends, has a fundamental frequency f in air. The tube is dipped vertically in water so that half of it is in water. The fundamental frequency of air column is now 1) f/2 2) f 3) 3f/4 4) 2f 48. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle ?. It is found that a ray incident on one mirror at any angle is rendered parallel to itself after reflection from both the mirrors. The value of ? is 1) 30 ° 2) 60  ° 3) 90 ° 4) 120 ° 49. When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air 1) its wavelength decreases 2) its wavelength increases 3) its frequency increases 4) neither its wavelength nor its frequency changes 50.Critical angle of light passing from glass to water is minimum for 1) red colour 2) green colour 10/39 eng. edooni. com 3) yellow colour 4) violet colour 51. A ray of light falls on a transparent glass slab of refractive index 1. 62. If the reflected ray and the refracted ray are mutually perpendicular, the angle of incidence is 1) tan-1(1. 62) 2) tan-1(1/1. 62) 3) tan-1(1. 33) 4) tan-1(1/1. 33) 52. An object A has a charge of ? C and the object B has a charge of ? C. 6 Which + 2 + statements is true ? 1) F AB = -3F BA 2) F AB = -F BA 3) 3F AB = -F BA 4) F AB = 4F BA 53.The equivalent capacitance between A and B for the combination of capacitors shown in figure, where all capacitances are in microfarad is 1) 6. 0 ? F 2) 4. 0 ? F 3) 2. 0 ? F 4) 3. 0 ? F 54. Two charged p articles are projected into a region in which a magnetic field is perpendicular to their velocities. After they enter the magnetic field, you can conclude that 1) the charges are deflected in opposite directions 2) the charges continue to move in a straight line 3) the charges move in circular paths 4) the charges move in circular paths but in opposite directions 11/39 eng. edooni. com 55.A solenoid consists of 100 turns of wire and has a length of 10. 0 cm. The magnetic field inside the solenoid when it carries a current of 0. 500 A will be 1) 6. 28 ? 10-4 T 2) 6. 28 ? 10-5 T 3) 3. 14 ? 10-4 T 4) None of these 56. An AC voltage source has an output of ? V = (200 V) sin 2? ft. This source is connected to a 100 ? resistor. RMS current in the resistance is 1) 1. 41 A 2) 2. 41 A 3) 3. 41 A 4) 0. 71 A 57. A generator at a utility company produces 100 A of current at 4000 V. The voltage is stepped up to 240000 V by a transformer before it is sent on a high voltage transmission line.The c urrent in transmission line is 1) 3. 67 A 2) 2. 67 A 3) 1. 67 A 4) 2. 40 A 58. The energy of a photon of wavelength ? is 1) hc? 2) hc/? 3) ? /hc 4) h? /c 59. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the lowest orbit corresponds to 1) infinite energy 2) maximum energy 3) minimum energy 4) zero energy 60. Consider ? -particles, ? -particles and? -rays, each having an energy of 0. 5 MeV. In increasing order of penetrating powers, the radiations are 1) ? , ? , ? 2) ? , ? , ? 3) ? , ? , ? 4) ? , ? , ? 12/39 eng. edooni. com 61. The figure shows the symbol of a 1) AND gate 2) OR gate 3) NOT gate 4) NAND gate 62.In ? + decay process, the following changes take place inside the nucleus 1) 2) 3) 4) 63. In a transistor the base is 1) an insulator 2) a conductor of low resistance 3) a conductor of high resistance 4) an extrinsic semiconductor 64. A particle moves along a straight line such that its position x at any time t is x = 6t2 – t3. Where x is in metre and t is in second, then 1) at t = 0 acceleration is 12 ms-2 2) x – t curve has maximum at 4 s 3) Both (1) and (2) are wrong 4) Both (1) and (2) are correct 65. A particle is subjected simultaneously to two SHM's, one along the x-axis and the other along the y-axis.The two vibrations are in phase and have unequal amplitudes. The particle will execute 1) straight line motion 2) circular motion 3) elliptic motion 4) parabolic motion 66. X-rays are diffracted from a crystal of lattice plane spacing 2A. The maximum wavelength that can be diffracted is 13/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 1 A 2) 2 A 3) 2. 5 A 4) 4 A 67. If ? and ? are the collector emitter short circuit current amplification factor and collector base short circuit current amplification factor respectively of a transistor, then ? is equal to 1) (1 + ? )/? 2) ? /(1 – ? ) 3) (1 – ? )/? 4) ? (1 + ? ) 68. The resistance of a straight conductor does not depend on its 1) length 2) temperature 3) material 4) shape of cross-section 69. In a given network, each resistance has value of 6?. The point X is connected to point A by a copper wire of negligible resistance and point Y is connected to point B by the same wire. The effective resistance between X and Y will be 1) 18 ? 2) 6 ? 3) 3 ? 4) 2 ? 70. A length of wire carries a steady current. It is bent first to form a circular coil of one turn. The same length is now bent more sharply to give a double loop of smaller radius.The magnetic field at the centre caused by the same current is 1) double of its first value 2) quarter of its first value 3) four times of its first value 4) same as the first value 71. The work done in carrying a charge q once around a circle of radius r with a charge Q placed at the centre will be 1) Qq/(4? ? 0r2) 2) Qq/(4? ? 0r) 3) zero 14/39 eng. edooni. com 4) Qq2/(4? ? 0r) 72. Two wires of same material and radius have their lengths in ratio 1 : 2. If these wires are stretched by the same force, the strain produced in the two wires will be in the rati o 1) 2 : 1 2) 1 : 1 3) 1 : 2 4) 1 : 4 73.A student has measured the length of a wire equal to 0. 04580 m. This value of length has the number of significant figures equal to 1) five 2) four 3) six 4) None of these 74. The volume of an ideal diatomic gas is doubled isothermally. The internal energy 1) is doubled 2) is halved 3) is increases four times 4) is remains unchanged 75. A small power station supplies electricity to 5000 lamps connected in parallel. Each lamp has a resistance of 220 and is operated at 220 V. The total current supplied by the ? station is 1) 2500 A 2) 3500 A 3) 5000 A 4) 10000 A Section-2 Chemistry 76.Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct ? 1) n = 5, l = 4, m = 0, s = +(1/2) 2) n = 3, l = 3, m = +3, s = +(1/2) 3) n = 6, l = 0, m = +1, s = -(1/2) 4) n = 4, l = 2, m = +2, s = 0 77. Which of the following is not a colligative property ? 1) Optical activity 2) Osmotic pressure 3) Depression of freezing point 15/39 eng. edooni. com 4) Elevation of boiling point 78. Which of the following when dissolved in water forms a solution, ie, non-conducting ? 1) Chile salt petre 2) Potash alum 3) Green vitriol 4) Ethyl alcohol 79.The best way to prevent rusting of iron is 1) making it cathode 2) putting in saline water 3) Both (1) and (2) 4) None of the above 80. In NaCl crystal each Cl- ion is surrounded by 1) 4 Na+ ions 2) 6 Na+ ions 3) 1 Na+ ion 4) 2 Na+ ions 81. Stainless steel has iron and 1) Cr 2) Cu 3) Co 4) Zn 82. Naphthalene can be easily purified by 1) sublimation 2) crystallisation 3) distillation 4) vaporisation 83. When acetylene is passed through dil H2SO4 in presence of HgSO4, the compound formed is 1) ether 2) acetaldehyde 3) acetic acid 4) ketone 84.Cross aldol condensation occurs between 1) two same aldehydes 2) two same ketones 3) two different aldehydes and ketones 4) None of the above 16/39 eng. edooni. com 85. Which is more powerful to coagulate the negative colloid ? 1) ZnSO4 2) Na3PO4 3) AlCl3 4) K4[Fe(CN)6] 86. Cannizaro reaction is performed by 1) formaldehyde 2) formaldehyde and acetaldehyde 3) benzaldehyde 4) formaldehyde and benzaldehyde 87. The monosaccharides having anomeric carbon atom are 1) geometrical isomers 2) ? -and ? -optical isomers 3) having symmetrical carbon atoms 4) None of the above 88. Diacidic base is 1) CH2(OH)2 2) Ca(OH)2 3) CH3CH(OH)2 4) All of these 89.Which of the following behaves as Lewis acid and not as Bronsted acid ? 1) HCl 2) H2SO4 3) HSO-3 4) SO3 90. Thermite process is used in reduction of 1) Cr2O3 2) Al2O3 3) PbO2 4) CuO 91. Example of geometrical isomerism is 1) 2-butanol 2) 2-butene 17/39 eng. edooni. com 3) butanal 4) 2-butyne 92. Mustard gas is a 1) oil gas 2) poisonous gas 3) fuel gas 4) life gas 93. The pair of elements having approximately equal ionisation potential is 1) Al, Ga 2) Al, Si 3) Al, Mg 4) Al, B 94. Bakelite is a 1) natural polymer 2) addition polymer 3) condensation polymer 4) homopolymer 95.Name of method use to separate primary, secondary and tertiary amines is 1) Hofmann method 2) Lucas method 3) Victor Meyer method 4) Kolbe method 96. Main product obtained from the reaction of ammonia and formaldehyde is 1) formic acid 2) methylamine 3) methanol 4) urotropine 97. TEL is a compound used as 1) antibiotic 2) antiseptic 3) antiknocking 4) antioxidant 98. Water is well known amphoprotic solvent. In which chemical reaction water is behaving as base ? 18/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 2) 3) 4) 99. Which of the following is not a physical equilibrium ? ) Ice 2) I2(s) 3) S(l) 4) 3O2 Water I2(g) S(g) 2O3 100. The polymer which is used in not-sticky kitchenware is 1) PVC 2) teflon 3) rayon 4) isoprene 101. The chemical which is used for plastering the broken bones is 1) (CaSO4)2H2O 2) MgSO4 . 7H2O 3) FeSO4 . 7H2O 4) CuSO4 . 5H2O 102. Dry ice is 1) solid H2O 2) solid CO2 3) solid N2O4 4) solid NH3 103. Precipitate of AgCl is soluble in liquid NH3, the compound forms 1) Ag(NH4)2OH 2) Ag(NH4)2Cl 3) Ag(NH3)2OH 4) Ag(NH3)2Cl 10 4. In qualitative analysis, in III group NH4Cl is added before NH4OH because 1) to increase the concentration of NH+4 ions 9/39 eng. edooni. com 2) to increase the concentration of Cl- ions 3) to reduce the concentration of OH- ions 4) to increase the concentration of OH- ions 105. Solution of sodium thiosulphate in photography works as 1) to shine film 2) to develop film 3) to dissolve silver bromide 4) to change negative into positive 106. Phenol on treatment with diethyl sulphate in presence of NaOH gives 1) phenetole 2) anisole 3) diphenyl ether 4) diethyl ether 107. 2. 5 L of NaCl solution contain 5 moles of the solute. What is the molarity ? 1) 5 M 2) 2 M 3) 2. 5 M 4) 12. 5 M 108.The most abundant element in the universe is thought to be 1) carbon 2) oxygen 3) hydrogen 4) nitrogen 109. Electromeric effect is 1) permanent effect 2) temporary effect 3) resonance effect 4) inductive effect 110. The calculated bond order in O-2 ion is 1) 1 2) 1. 5 3) 2 4) 2. 5 111. The entropy of a perfectly crystalline material is zero at 0? C. This is statement of 1) first law of thermodynamics 2) second law of thermodynamics 3) third law of thermodynamics 20/39 eng. edooni. com 4) law of conservation of energy 112. In acidic medium, the equivalent weight of K2Cr2O7 (Mol. wt. = M) is 1) M 2) M/2 3) M/3 4) M/6 113.When a metal atom combines with a non-metal atom, the non-metal atom will 1) lose electrons and decrease in size 2) lose electrons and increase in size 3) gain electrons and decrease in size 4) gain electrons and increase in size 114. What is the total number of moles of H2SO4 needed to prepare 5. 0 L of a 2. 0 M solution of H2SO4 ? 1) 2. 5 2) 5. 0 3) 10 4) 20 115. Which combination of atoms can form a polar covalent bond ? 1) H and H 2) H and Br 3) N and N 4) Na and Br 116. How many joules of heat are absorbed when 70. 0 g of water is completely vaporised at its boiling point ? 1) 23,352 2) 7,000 3) 15,813 4) 158,130 117.Which quantities are conserved in all oxid ation reduction reactions ? 1) Charge only 2) Mass only 3) Both charge and mass 4) Neither charge nor mass 118. Which of the following compounds would have the highest boiling point ? 1) CH3CH2CH2CH3 2) CH3NH2 3) CH3OH 4) CH2F 2 119. In any chemical reaction, a quantity that decrease to a minimum is 21/39 eng. edooni. com 1) free energy 2) entropy 3) temperature 4) enthalpy 120. Which of the following is the weakest acid ? 1) HCl 2) HF 3) H2SO4 4) HNO3 121. Which of the following contains greatest number of oxygen atoms ? 1) 1 g of O 2) 1 g of O2 3) 1 g of O3 4) All have the same number of atoms 122.The pH of 10-8 M NaOH aqueous solution at 25? C, is 1) 7. 02 2) 7. 0 3) 6. 89 4) 6. 0 123. Decrease in atomic number is not observed during 1) ? -emission 2) ?-emission 3) positron emission 4) electron capture 124. The buffering action of an acidic buffer is maximum when its pH is equal to 1) 5 2) 7 3) 1 4) pKa 125. Which of the following will increase with the increase in temperature ? 1) surface tension 2) Viscosity 3) Molality 4) Vapour pressure 126. Which of the following will have larger dipole moment ? 22/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 2) 3) 4) 127. Which of the following would react most readily with nucleophiles ? ) 2) 3) 4) 23/39 eng. edooni. com 128. Hydride ion transfer takes place in 1) Frankland method 2) Wurtz reaction 3) Cannizaro's reaction 4) Wolff-Kishner reduction 129. An organic compound C3H6O neither gives precipitate with semicarbazide nor reacts with sodium. It could be 1) CH3CH2CHO 2) CH3COCH3 3) CH2 = CHCH2OH 4) CH2 = CHOCH3 130. Which of the following is an organometallic compound ? 1) Lithium methoxide 2) Lithium acetate 3) Lithium dimethylamine 4) Methyl lithium 131. The quality of diesel is expressed by 1) octane number 2) cetane number 3) antiknock compound 4) presence of additives 132.Ketone upon treatment with Grignard reagent gives 1) primary alcohol 2) secondary alcohol 3) tertiary alcohol 4) aldehyde 133. Racemic compound has 1) equimolar mixture of enantiomers 2) 1 : 1 mixture of enantiomer and diastereomer 3) 1 : 1 mixture of diastereomers 4) 1 : 2 mixture of enantiomers 134. Geometry of methyl free radical is 1) pyramidal 2) planar 24/39 eng. edooni. com 3) tetrahedral 4) linear 135. The reaction of sodium ethoxide with iodoethane to form diethyl ether is termed as 1) electrophilic substitution 2) nucleophilic substitution 3) electrophilic addition 4) radical substitution 136.In which of the following ways does the hydride ion tend to function ? 1) An electrophile 2) A nucleophile 3) A free radical 4) An acid 137. The following compound differ in 1) configuration 2) conformation 3) structure 4) chirality 138. The correct name for the following hydrocarbon is 1) tricyclo [4. 1. 0] heptane 2) bicyclo [5. 2. 1] heptane 3) bicyclo [4. 1. 0] heptane 4) bicyclo [4. 1. 0] hexane 139. Which of the following compounds would be the main product of an aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and acetone ? 1) CH3CH = CH . CHO 2) C H3CH = CHCOCH3 3) (CH3)2C = CH . CHO 4) (CH3)2C = CHCOCH3 140.Which one of the following compounds will not react with CH3MgBr ? 25/39 eng. edooni. com 1) Ethyl acetate 2) Acetone 3) Dimethyl ether 4) Ethanol 141. The number of isomeric alkanes having the molecular formula C5H12 is 1) three 2) five 3) nine 4) thirty two 142. Which organic compound is an electrolyte ? 1) CH3Cl 2) HCOOH 3) CH3OH 4) C6H12O6 143. The electron configuration of the oxide ion is much most similar to the electron configuration of the 1) sulphide ion 2) nitride ion 3) oxygen atom 4) nitrogen atom 144. Which substance has the greatest ionic character ? 1) Cl2O 2) NCl3 3) PbCl2 4) BaCl2 145.The lattice points of a crystal of hydrogen iodide are occupied by 1) HI molecules 2) H atoms and I atoms 3) H+ cations and I- anions 4) H2 molecules and I2 molecules 146. Dehydration of alcohol usually goes by 1) E1 mechanism 2) E2 mechanism 3) E1 cb mechanism 26/39 eng. edooni. com 4) SN 2 mechanism 147. Which one of the following is a copolymer ? 1) Saran 2) Orlon 3) PVC 4) Teflon 148. Formation of coloured ions by transition metals signifies; 1) absorption of light from UV range 2) emission of light 3) presence of unpaired electrons in s and p orbitals 4) complimentary colours to the absorbed light 149.Transition metal ions show colour because 1) they absorb light 2) they emit light 3) they are paramagnetic 4) they exhibit d-d transition 150. Which one of the following compounds will not undergo aldol condensation ? 1) Acetaldehyde 2) Formaldehyde 3) Propionaldehyde 4) Acetone Section-3 Mathematics 151. The length of the normal to the curve x = a(? + sin ? ), y = a(1 – cos ? ) at ? = (? /2) is 1) 2 a 2) a/2 3) a/v2 4) v2 a 152. The maximum value of ((log x)/x) is 1) e 153. In the interval 2) 2 e , = 0 is the number 3) 1/e of real solutions 4) 2/e of the equations 27/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 0 154. If 1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) None of these 2) 2 ) 1 4) 3 is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k wi ll be 155. The sum of all odd numbers between 1 and 1000 which are divisible by 3 is 1) 83667 2) 90000 3) 83660 4) None of these 156. In a college 25% boys and 10% girls offer Mathematics. There are 60% girls in the college. If a Mathematics student is chosen at random, then the probability that the student is a girl, will be 1) 1/6 2) 3/8 3) 5/8 4) 5/6 157. Differential equation of those circles which passes through origin and their centres lie on y-axis will be 1) (x2 – y2) (dy/dx) + 2xy = 0 2) (x2 – y2) (dy/dx) = 2xy 3) (x2 – y2) (dy/dx) = xy 4) (x2 – y2) (dy/dx) + xy = 0 158.If tan ? = k cot ? , then 1) (1 + k)/(1 – k) 2) (1 – k)/(1 + k) 3) (k + 1)/(k – 1) 4) (k – 1)/(k + 1) is equal to 159. If cot (cos-1 x) = sec 1) 2) , then x is equal to 28/39 eng. edooni. com 3) 4) 160. If distance between directrices of a rectangular hyperbola is 10, then distance between its foci will be 1) 10v2 161. 2) 5 3) 5v2 4) 20 Number of soluti on of the equation is 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 162. dx is equal to 1) 3? /16 2) 3? 2/16 3) 16? /3 4) 16? 2/3 163. 1) 2) dx is equal to 3) 4) 164. If f (x) = sin2 x + sin2 to 1) 1 2) -1 + cos x cos and g 1, then gof (x) is equal 3) 2 4) -2 + is collinear to 165. , , are three non-zero vectors; no two of them are parallel. If and + is collinear to , then + + is equal to 1) 2) 29/39 eng. edooni. com 3) 4) 166. In tossing of a coin (m + n) (m > n) times, the probability of coming consecutive heads at least m times is 1) 2) 3) 4) 167. If f (x) = 1) 1 , then 2) 48 3) -48 is equal to 4) -1 – | = 2v2 and the 168. Let = 2i + j – 2 and = i + j. If is a vector such that . = | |, | angle between ? and is 30? , then |( ? ) ? | is equal to 1) 2/3 2) 3/2 3) 2 4) 3 169.The value of 1) 1 sq unit 2) 2 sq unit 3) 3 sq unit 4) 5 sq unit dx is 170. The differential equation of all circles touching the axis of y at origin and centre on the xaxis is given by 1) xy (dy/dx) – x2 + y2 = 0 2) 2xy (dy/dx) – x2 – y2 = 0 3) (x2 + y2) (dy/dx) – 2xy = 0 4) None of the above 171. The solution of the differential equation 1) ye2vx = 2v(x) + c 2) ye-2vx = v(x) + c is given by 30/39 eng. edooni. com 3) y = vx 4) y = 3vx 172. The solution of the equation 1) sin-1 y – sin-1 x = c 2) sin-1 y + sin-1 x = c 3) sin-1 (xy) = 2 4) None of the above 173.If 1) p < 0 2) 0 < p < 1 3) p = 1 4) p > 1 174. If a real valued function f of a real variable x is such that is differentiable at x = 0, then is , then f(x) is equal to 1) (1 – x)/2 2) (x2 + 1)/2 3) 1 – x 4) None of these 175. If the vectors i – 2j + 3 , -2i + 3j – 4 , ? i – j + 2 are linearly dependent, then the value of ? is equal to 1) 0 176. If 2) 1 3) 2 i] i + 2[ 4) 3 j] j + 2[ ] +[ and are two non-zero non-collinear vectors, then 2[ ] is equal to ? + 1) 2( ? ) 2) 3) 4) None of these 177. If ( ? )2 + ( 1) 13 . )2 = 676 and | | = 2, then | | is equal to 1/39 eng. edooni. c om 2) 26 3) 39 4) None of these 178. If a, b, c are in GP, then the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root, if d/a, e/b, f/c are in 1) AP 2) HP 3) GP 4) None of these 179. If x = v7 – v5 and y = v13 – v11, then 1) x > y 2) x < y 3) x = y 4) None of these 180. If one root of equation x2 + ax + 12 = 0 is 4 while the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 has equal roots, then the value of b is 1) 4/49 2) 49/4 3) 7/4 4) 4/7 181. One of the square roots of 6 + 4v3 is 1) v3(v(3) + 1) 2) -v3(v(3) – 1) 3) v3(-v(3) + 1) 4) None of these 182.If cos 20? – sin 20? = p, then cos 40? is equal to 1) p2v(2 – p2) 2) pv(2 – p2) 3) p + v(2 – p2) 4) p – v(2 – p2) 183. If tan x = (b/a), then the value of a cos 2x + b sin 2x is 1) 1 2) ab 3) b 4) a 184. If Sn = cosn ? + sinn ? , then the value of 3S4 – 2S6 is given by 1) 4 2) 0 3) 1 4) 7 32/39 eng. edooni. com 185. The distance between the parallel lines 9Ãâ€"2  œ 6xy + y2 + 18x – 6y + 8 = 0 is 1) 2/v10 2) 1/v10 3) 4/v10 4) None of these 186. The lines 2x – 3y = 5 and 3x – 4y = 7 are diameters of a circle of area 154 sq unit.Then, the equation of the circle is 1) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y = 51 2) x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y = 49 3) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y = 47 4) x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 47 187. The dice are thrown n times in succession. The probability of obtaining a double six at least once is 1) (1/36)n 2) 1 – (35/36)n 3) (1/12)n 4) None of these 188. A and B toss a coin alternately on the understanding that the first to obtain heads wins the toss. The probability that A wins the toss 1) 1/3 2) 2/3 3) 1/4 4) 3/4 189. In an assemble of 4 persons the probability that at least 2 of them have the same birthday, is 1) 0. 293 2) 0. 4 3) 0. 0001 4) 0. 016 190. A particle is thrown with the velocity v with the angle ? from the horizontal plane and its range on the horizontal plane is twice to the maximum height gained. Then, tan ? is equal to 1) 9 191. If 1) -1 = 0 and x, y, z are all distinct, then xyz is equal to 2) 1 3) 0 4) 3 2) 5 3) 2 4) 1 33/39 eng. edooni. com 1) -1 192. If 1) 100 A 2) 299 A 3) 2100 A 4) 99 A 2) 1 , then A100 is equal to 3) 0 4) 3 193. If sum of n terms of two AP's are in the ration 2n + 3 : 6n + 5, then the ration of their 13th term is 1) 29/83 2) 27/77 3) 31/89 4) 53/155 194.Let a relation R be defined on set of all real numbers by a R b if and only if 1 + ab ; 0. Then, R is 1) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric 2) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive 3) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive 4) an equivalence relation 195. If 1) (1, 2, 3) 2) (2, 1, 3) 3) (3, 1, 2) 4) (3, 2, 1) , then (x, y, z) is equal to 196. If positive numbers a, b, c are in HP and c ; a, then log (a + c) + log (a – 2b + c) is equal to 1) 2 log (c – b) 2) 2 log (a + c) 3) 2 log (c – a) 4) 2 log (a – c) 197. The dice are thrown together.Then the probability that th e sum of numbers appearing on them is a prime number, is 1) 5/12 2) 7/18 3) 13/36 4) 11/36 34/39 eng. edooni. com 198. In a triangle ABC, AB = 1, AC = 2 and 1) 75? 2) 90? 3) 120? 4) 135? A = 60? , its largest angle is equal to 199. From the top of a cliff 50 m high, the angles of depression of the top and bottom of a tower are observed to be 30? and 45?. The height of tower is 1) 50 m 2) 50v3 m 3) 50(v(3) – 1) m 4) 50(1 – (v(3)/3)) m 200. The points 0, 2 + 3i, i, -2 – 2i in the argand plane are the vertices of a 1) rectangle 2) rhombus 3) trapezium 4) parallelogram 201.One of the values of 1) v3 + i 2) -i 3) i 4) -v3 + i is 202. The value of tan-1 (1/2) + tan-1 (1/3) + tan-1 (7/8) is 1) tan-1 (7/8) 2) cot-1 15 3) tan-1 15 4) tan-1 (25/24) 203. The locus of points of intersection perpendicular tangents to a parabola is a 1) straight line 2) circle 3) parabola 4) hyperbola 204. The middle point of the chord x + 3y = 2 of the conic x2 + xy – y2 = 1 is 35/39 eng. edooni. com 1) (5, -1) 2) (1, 1) 3) (2, 0) 4) (-1, 1) 205. If tangents at extremities of a focal chord AB of the parabola y2 = 4ax intersect at a point C, then ACB is equal to 1) ? /4 2) ? /3 3) ? 2 4) ? /6 206. The smallest circle with centre on y-axis and passing through the point (7, 3) has radius 1) v58 2) 7 3) 3 4) 4 207. The pair of lines joining origin to the points of intersection of the two curves ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx = 0 and a' x2 + 2h' xy + b' y2 + 2g' x = 0 will be at right angles, if 1) (a' + b')g' = (a + b)g 2) (a + b)g' = (a' + b')g 3) h2 – ab = h'2 – a'b' 4) a + b + h2 = a' + b' + h'2 208. If sum of two numbers is 6, the minimum value of the sum of their reciprocals is 1) 6/5 209. 2) 3/4 3) 2/3 4) 1/2 If b ; a, then 1) ? /2 2) ? 3) ? /2 (b – a) 4) ? /4 (b – a) s equal to 210. The solution of differential equation (1 + x)y dx + (1 – y)x dy = 0 is 1) loge (xy) + x – y = c 2) loge (x/y) + x + y = c 3) loge (x/y) – x + y = c 4) loge (xy) – x + y = c 211. The value of 1) e-1 2) e-1/2 (cos x)cot2 x is 36/39 eng. edooni. com 3) 1 4) not existing 212. The normal to the curve x = a(cos + ? sin ? ), y = a(sin ? – ? cos ? ) at any point ? is ? such that 1) it makes a constant angle with x-axis 2) it passes through origin 3) it is at a constant distance from origin 4) None of the above 213. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then (dy/dx) is equal to 1) 2) 3) 4) 14. dx is equal to 1) 2) 3) 4) 215. The function f (x) = log (1 + x) 1) (-1, ? ) 2) (-? , 0) 3) (-? , ? ) 4) None of these is increasing on 216. If is any vector, then i ? ( ? i) + j ? ( ? j) + ? ( ? ) is equal to 37/39 eng. edooni. com 1) 2) 2 3) 3 4) 217. The product of two times of flight from a point P to another point Q with a given velocity of projection is 1) PQ/g 2) 2PQ/g 3) PQ/2g 4) 3PQ/g 218. A stone of mass m is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 9. 8 ms-1. The height of the point where KE = PE is (g = 9. 8 ms-2) 1) 9. 8 m 2) 4. 9 m 3) 2. 5 m 4) 2 m 219. Three sides of a square are formed by bending a rod of length 36 cm. The distance of its CG from an open end is 1) 12 cm 2) 6v2 cm 3) 8v2 cm 4) 10 cm 220. If the resultant of two forces of magnitude P and Pv3 acting on a particle is of magnitude P, then the angle between them is 1) 60? 2) 120? 3) 90? 4) 150? 221. A particle is dropped from a height 12 g metre and 4 s after another particle is projected from the ground towards it with a velocity 4 g ms-1. The time after which the second particle meets first is 1) 4 s 2) 2 s 3) (1/2) s 4) 1 s 222.A uniform ladder rests in limiting equilibrium with its lower end on a rough horizontal plane with coefficient of friction? and its upper end against a smooth vertical wall. ? is the If 38/39 eng. edooni. com inclination of the ladder with the wall, then ? is equal to 1) tan-1 ? 2) cot-1 ? 3) cot-1 (2? ) 4) tan-1 (2? ) 223. If 1) 3/2 is a purely imaginary number, then 2) 1 3) 2/3 is equal to 4) 4/9 224. An orthogonal matrix is 1) 2) 3) 4) 225. If y = 3x + 6Ãâ€"2 + 10Ãâ€"3 + †¦. , then the value of x in terms of y is 1) 1 – (1 – y)-1/3 2) 1 – (1 + y)1/3 3) 1 + (1 + y)-1/3 4) 1 – (1 + y)-1/3 39/39 eng. edooni. comAnswer Key 1) 2 11) 3 21) 1 31) 2 41) 3 51) 1 61) 4 71) 3 81) 1 91) 2 101) 1 111) 3 121) 4 131) 2 141) 1 151) 4 161) 2 171) 2 181) 4 191) 1 201) 3 211) 2 221) 3 2) 4 12) 1 22) 1 32) 4 42) 1 52) 2 62) 1 72) 3 82) 1 92) 2 102) 2 112) 4 122) 1 132) 3 142) 2 152) 3 162) 2 172) 1 182) 2 192) 2 202) 3 212) 3 222) 4 3) 3 13) 4 23) 2 33) 3 43) 3 53) 1 63) 2 73) 1 83) 2 93) 1 103) 4 113) 4 123) 2 133) 1 143) 2 153) 3 163) 2 173) 4 183) 4 193) 4 203) 1 213) 2 223) 2 4) 1 14) 1 24) 2 34) 2 44) 2 54) 3 64) 4 74) 4 84) 3 94) 3 104) 3 114) 3 124) 4 134) 2 144) 4 154) 3 164) 1 174) 1 184) 3 194) 2 204) 4 214) 3 224) 2 5) 3 15) 2 25) 3 35) 4 45) 3 55) 1 65) 1 75) 3 85) 3 95) 1 105) 3 115) 2 125) 4 135) 2 145) 1 155) 1 165) 4 175) 1 185) 1 195) 1 205) 3 215) 1 225) 4 6) 2 16) 4 26) 1 36) 3 46) 2 56) 1 66) 4 76) 1 86) 4 96) 4 106) 1 116) 4 126) 4 136) 2 146) 1 156) 2 166) 1 176) 1 186) 4 196) 3 206) 2 216) 2 7) 2 17) 1 27) 4 37) 1 47) 2 57) 3 67) 4 77) 1 87) 2 97) 3 107) 2 117) 3 127) 3 137) 3 147) 1 157) 2 167) 2 177) 1 187) 2 197) 1 207) 2 217) 2 8) 3 18) 2 28) 4 38) 1 48) 3 58) 2 68) 4 78) 4 88) 2 98) 1 108) 3 118) 3 128) 3 138) 3 148) 4 158) 1 168) 2 178) 1 188) 2 198) 2 208) 3 218) 3 9) 1 19) 4 29) 3 39) 3 49) 1 59) 3 69) 4 79) 1 89) 4 99) 4 109) 2 119) 1 129) 4 139) 2 149) 4 159) 1 169) 3 179) 1 189) 4 199) 4 209) 2 219) 3 10) 2 20) 2 30) 1 40) 1 50) 4 60) 1 70) 1 80) 2 90) 1 100) 2 110) 2 120) 2 130) 4 140) 3 150) 2 160) 4 170) 4 180) 2 190) 3 200) 4 210) 1 220) 4 1/1 eng. edooni. com

driving drunk essays

driving drunk essays Drunk Driving is becoming a major concern in our society today. Drunk driving is not a funny thing. It has killed many people and ruined the lives of many others. There are many stupid reasons drunk driving occurs. I believe the main one is just pure stupidity. Teenagers most likely will drink in their lifetime. After that happens, they need to know that they are not capable of driving. This knowledge could prevent many accidents. Drinking is not necessarily a bad thing, if you are a responsible drinker. I think that if you know your going to a party and there is going to be alcohol, then you can reserve a ride before the party takes place. Its all about taking responsibility for your own actions. It seems so ridiculous that people dont have the common sense to know they can cause mass destruction if they are drunk behind the wheel. Its a terrible thing to know that you can be killed because of somebody elses stupidity. Last year, my cousin was hit by a drunk driver while driving with his friends to the movies. Luckily he was not seriously hurt, but his life could have been ruined because of that person. I believe that anyone that is caught while intoxicated should never have the right to drive again. Driving is a privilege, and that person took advantage of it, while endangering other lives. In closing, I hope that teenagers learn that drunk driving is a terrible thing. You can end up hurting yourself, and other innocent people. All people should think of their consequences before the go behind the wheel while under the influence of alcohol. I hope that one day, we wont have this problem anymore. ...

Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors

Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors Christopher Columbus discovered previously unknown lands in 1492, and within 20 years the conquest of these new lands was proceeding quickly. How were the Spanish conquistadors able to do it? The Spanish armor and weapons had much to do with their success. The Swift Success of the Conquistadors The Spanish who came to settle the New World were generally not farmers and craftsmen but soldiers, adventurers, and mercenaries looking for a quick fortune. Native communities were attacked and enslaved and any treasures they may have had such as gold, silver or pearls were taken. Teams of Spanish conquistadors devastated native communities on Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola between 1494 and 1515 or so before moving on to the mainland. The most famous conquests were those of the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires, in Central America and the Andes mountains of South America respectively. The conquistadors who took these mighty Empires down (Hernan Cortes in Mexico in 1525 and Francisco Pizarro in Peru, 1532) commanded relatively small forces: Cortes had around 600 men and Pizarro initially had about 160. These small forces were able to defeat much larger ones. At the Battle of Teocajas, Sebastian de Benalcazar had 200 Spanish and some 3,000 Caà ±ari allies: together they fought Inca General Rumià ±ahui and a force of some 50,000 warriors to a draw. Conquistador Weapons There were two sorts of Spanish conquistadors: horsemen or cavalry and foot soldiers or infantry. The cavalry would usually carry the day in the battles of the conquest. When the spoils were divided, cavalrymen received a much higher share of the treasure than foot soldiers. Some Spanish soldiers would save up and purchase a horse as a sort of investment which would pay off in future conquests. The Spanish horsemen generally had two sorts of weapons: lances and swords. Their lances were long wooden spears with iron or steel points on the ends, used to devastating effect on masses of native foot soldiers. In close combat, a rider would use his sword. Steel Spanish swords of the conquest were about three feet long and relatively narrow, sharp on both sides. The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. The finely made weapons did not pass inspection until they could bend in a half-circle and survive a full-force impact with a metal helmet. The fine Spanish steel sword was such an advantage that for some time after the conquest, it was illegal for natives to have one. Foot Soldiers Weapons Spanish foot soldiers could use a variety of weapons. Many people incorrectly think that it was firearms that doomed the New World natives, but thats not the case. Some Spanish soldiers used a harquebus, a sort of early musket. The harquebus was undeniably effective against any one opponent, but they are slow to load, heavy, and firing one is a complicated process involving the use of a wick which must be kept lit. The harquebuses were most effective for terrorizing native soldiers, who thought the Spanish could create thunder. Like the harquebus, the crossbow was a European weapon designed to defeat armored knights and too bulky and cumbersome to be of much use in the conquest against the lightly armored, quick natives. Some soldiers used crossbows, but theyre very slow to load, break or malfunction easily and their use was not terribly common, at least not after the initial phases of the conquest. Like the cavalry, Spanish foot soldiers made good use of swords. A heavily armored Spanish foot soldier could cut down dozens of native enemies in minutes with a fine Toledan blade. Conquistador Armor Spanish armor, mostly made in Toledo, was among the finest in the world. Encased from head to foot in a steel shell, Spanish conquistadors were all but invulnerable when facing native opponents. In Europe, the armored knight had dominated the battlefield for centuries and weapons such as the harquebus and crossbow were specifically designed to pierce armor and defeat them. The natives had no such weapons and therefore killed very few armored Spanish in battle. The helmet most commonly associated with the conquistadors was the morion, a heavy steel helm with a pronounced crest or comb on top and sweeping sides that came  to  points on either end. Some infantrymen preferred a salade, a full-faced helmet that looks a little like a steel ski mask. In its most basic form, it is a bullet-shaped helm with a large T in front of the eyes, nose, and mouth. A cabasset helmet was much simpler: it is a large steel cap that covers the head from the ears up: stylish ones would have an elongated dome like the pointy end of an almond. Most conquistadors wore a full set of armor which consisted of a heavy breastplate, arm and leg greaves, a metal skirt, and protection for the neck and throat called a gorget. Even parts of the body such as elbows and shoulders, which require movement, were protected by a series of overlapping plates, meaning that there were very few vulnerable spots on a fully armored conquistador. A full suit of metal armor weighed about sixty pounds and the weight was well distributed over the body, allowing it to be worn for long periods of time without causing much fatigue. It generally included even armored boots and gloves or gauntlets. Later in the conquest, as conquistadors realized that full suits of armor were overkill in the New World, some of them switched to lighter chainmail, which was just as effective. Some even abandoned metal armor entirely, wearing escuapil, a sort of padded leather or cloth armor adapted from the armor worn by Aztec warriors. Large, heavy shields were not  necessary for the conquest, although many conquistadors used a buckler, a small, round or oval shield usually of wood or metal covered with leather. Native Weapons The natives had no answer for these weapons and armor. At the time of the conquest, most native cultures in North and South America were somewhere between the Stone Age and the  Bronze Age  in terms of their weaponry. Most foot soldiers carried heavy clubs or maces, some with stone or bronze heads. Some had rudimentary stone axes or clubs with spikes coming out of the end. These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. Aztec warriors occasionally had a  macuahuitl, a wooden sword with jagged obsidian shards set in the sides: it was a lethal weapon, but still no match for steel. The natives had some better luck with missile weapons. In South America, some cultures developed bows and arrows, although they were rarely able to pierce armor. Other cultures used a sort of sling to hurl a stone with great force. Aztec warriors used the  atlatl, a device used to hurl javelins or darts at great velocity. Native cultures wore elaborate, beautiful armor. The Aztecs had warrior societies, the most notable of which were the feared Eagle and Jaguar warriors. These men would dress in Jaguar skins or eagle feathers and were very brave warriors. The Incas wore quilted or padded armor and used shields and helmets made of wood or bronze. Native armor was generally intended to intimidate as much as protect: it was often very colorful and beautiful. Nevertheless, eagle feathers provide no protection from a steel sword and native armor was of very little use in combat with conquistadors. Analysis The conquest of the Americas proves decisively the advantage of advanced armor and weaponry in any conflict. The Aztecs and Incas numbered in the millions, yet were defeated by Spanish forces numbering in the hundreds. A heavily  armored conquistador  could slay dozens of foes in a single engagement without receiving a serious wound. Horses were another advantage that the natives could not counter. It’s inaccurate to say that the success of the Spanish conquest was solely due to superior arms and armor, however. The Spanish were greatly aided by diseases previously unknown to that part of the world. Millions died of new illnesses brought by the Spanish such as smallpox. There was also a great deal of luck involved. For example, they invaded the  Inca Empire at a time of great crisis, as a brutal civil war between brothers Huascar and Atahualpa was just ending when the Spanish arrived in 1532; and the Aztecs were widely despised by their subjects. Sources Calvert, Albert Frederick. Spanish arms and armour: being a historical and descriptive account of the Royal armoury of Madrid. London: J. Lane, 1907Hemming, John.  The Conquest of the Inca. London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Pohl, John. The Conquistador: 1492–1550. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2008.

Analysis Of The Dead By James Joyce English Literature Essay

Analysis Of The Dead By James Joyce English Literature Essay In the day of the Epiphany in 1904 one of the most popular celebrations of Dublin is about to start, the Misses Morkan’s party. The Morkan are three women belonging to the Irish bourgeoisie who receive in their home some relatives and friends to welcome the Christmas’ day. The warm of the home welcome the guests who arrive frozen from the street. Everything seems to be happiness inside: the piano’s music is accompanied by the dance, the champagne floods the party and the guests enjoy the magnificent evening. After dancing the moment of cut the goose comes and amid laughter the guests talk about opera, theatre, music, one of them dares to recite a poem and another one sings a song. After having a good time the night is over and the party with it. The characters come back home and the story focuses now in one of the couples that participated in the party: Gabriel and Gretta Conroy. The jovial and casual tone of the narration changes completely and we can feel the final climax that brings face to face the marriage. Just before leaving, Gretta listens ‘ The Lass of Aughrim’, an old romantic song intoned by one of the guests. The melody reminds her a love from the past, Michael Furey, who she feels that he died for her. She remains paralysed in the stairs, meanwhile her husband looks at her, spellbound by the vision of such mysterious scene. When they arrive to the hotel she tells him the story of Michael and this provokes in Gabriel an epiphany. 3.CHARACTERIZATION: GABRIEL CONROY The characters are defined by small actions, by physical appearances such as the way of wearing the hair, the gesture of the faces, the way of bowing down to someone and so on. Among the whole gallery of characters that assist to the Christmas party the main character Gabriel Conroy requires special attention. At first glance Gabriel seems to be a happily married teacher that as everyone that night is attending to his aunts’ annual party. However a s the story progresses we realize that he is not as confident as he looks. Gabriel is a man extremely worried about both external and physical appearances, he takes care over his clothes, his phrases, the impact of his words, so much so that his behaviour can result theatrical in some aspects. He is portrayed as a fashion victim ‘Goloshes! said Mrs Conroy. That’s the latest†¦Gabriel says everyone wears them on the continent’ and also during the party, while others are focussed on food, drink and music he spends the most part of the time thinking about the discourse that he will have make, instead of paying attention to his aunt’s song or the conversations of the others ‘Gabriel could not listen while Mary Jane was playing her Academy piece†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘He would fail with them, just as he failed with the girl in the pantry’. Here his insecurities become more and more evident and his constant attempts to hide them can be seen in g estures and phrases like ‘Gabriel laughed nervously and patted his tie reassuringly†¦.’He coloured and was about to knit his brows†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Gabriel tried to cover his agitation by taking part in the dance with great energy’.

Profile of Ford Motor Group - Henry Ford organisation Lab Report

Profile of Ford Motor Group - Henry Ford organisation - Lab Report Example The organisation culture of FMC has also been a heritage for the company, which would be evaluated in the report. Finally the framework of FMC for motivating the employees would be scrutinised so as to understand the human resource management initiatives of the company. FMC has always believed in one theme when it comes to human resource, i.e. ‘One Team, One Plan, and One Goal’ (Ford Motor Company, 2013). It has always tried to deliver solutions which will affect not only the business but the lives of people. It is the motto of the company to support and develop its human resources that design, develop, and sell the best vehicles in the world. Company Overview FMC is one of the most famous automobile manufacturers in the world. The company is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, USA. It was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. FMC was the most sold automobile brand across the world before World War II. The large scale car manufacturing concept was introduced by Ford Motors in 1914 (Ford Motors Company, 2011). Ford has been a stable company all throughout its journey, though the company was also a victim of the global financial crisis which engulfed many stable leading companies of America, but Ford managed to save itself from bankruptcy. It recorded an operating profit of $ 8.8 billion in 2011, or $ 1.51 per share earnings. This revenue figure states that there has been an increase of $463 million in 2011 from 2010. The net income amounted to $20,213 in 2011, which is much higher than the net income of 2010, $6,561 million. The company is also into financing of vehicles, insurance and leasing (Bloomberg, 2012). Profile of Henry Ford ‘Entrepreneurs are not born, rather they become through the experiences of their lives’, has been stated by Professor Albert Shapiro of Ohio State University (National Content Standards for Entrepreneurship Education, n. d.). This saying is appropriate for Henry Ford. Henry Ford was born on the 30th of July 1863. He is well-known around the world, of course for FMC, but apart from this, he is also known for developing the system of mass production with the help of assembly line. Henry Ford discovered the creed called Fordism, which preached mass production of inexpensive products by offering high wages to workers (Seligman, n. d.). He had intense commitment towards reducing the cost of production and offering automobiles to Americans, which they can easily afford to buy. It was the vision of no one other than Henry Ford, to offer unprecedented mobility to the people which changed the lives of millions around the world. He is not only remembered for the automobiles that his company produced, but also for improving the standard of living of people through his inventions such as Ford Model T, or Qadricycle, and the assembly line approach (Ford Motor Company, 2012). Henry Ford introduced better automobiles after Qadricycle, and in order to publicise them, he drove his own race cars. The first c ar that FMC sold was in 1903, and it was a Model A car which was sold to a dentist at a price of $850. However, Henry Ford became one of the richest men in the world, mainly because of Model T cars. Even during 1914, he paid $5 per day wage to his workers. Henry Ford had a view that if the

Econometric Regression Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Econometric Regression Analysis - Assignment Example The productivity differed from almost wholly effectual to almost entirely unproductive. Outputs regarded consisted of patient days for three age groups. The two techniques generated similar measurements of efficiencies with a single exclusion. The findings from the translog model would generate a standardizing consequence for economies of scale. Therefore, it means that they are general and consistent returns. The DEA exemplar was capable of recognizing cases of both rising and lowering returns. The lowering was discovered for hospitals with augmented quantities of elderly patients. States with a past of civil disagreement or extensive pervasiveness on HIV/AIDS were less effective than other states. Performance was raised with health spending per capita. The researcher is mainly interested in a substantial research of applied numerical and econometric review. This review should use zonal methodology and demographic exchanges, alongside information gathered from collective three-dimen sional departments of observation. This information is normally influenced by a range of measurement issues, ending in three-dimensional reliance and three-dimensional heterogeneity. Nevertheless, a majority of the scientific work did not succeed in considering this crucial aspect of econometrics. In this article, the researchers have tackled the problem of the level to which three-dimensional impacts in practical regression review. An overview of the official technical issues is provided and associated with the literature in three-dimensional econometrics.

Howl's Moving Castle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Howl's Moving Castle - Essay Example The researcher states that hyperrealism in digital media essentially refers to the magical element present in the characters in the way they act and do unrealistic things. The castle walks with its chicken legs across the mountain tops causing different hissing and groaning sounds. The castle appears like a strange living being, as it moves with clang of the engines, spin of the flywheel, creaks of the shifting towers and oddment and the â€Å"gun-turret iguana eyes and boat-like mouth riding in front†. Its stairs and the main entrance hang behind like a tail. This surely holds the fancy of the human mind. The values and textures assigned to the colors and light add to the element of hyperrealism. The director uses dark colors, moving walls, infringing swollen figures and half visible images to create the gloomy and dim ambience of the room. While depicting the war of the wizards, the beautiful landscapes are instantly bombed and turns into destruction. The interplay of bright lights and darkness adds on to the magical impact. The mystical sunsets, organic machineries and the characters flying through air add to the hyperealistic element. Despite the animated characters and matching voiceovers the story manages to keep the viewers engaged. Sophie manages to talk life into the characters around her including the scarecrow. The way the apparently inanimate objects begin to move and talk shows a magical component. The leap of the girl through time under the spell of the wicked witch, who transforms her into an old woman, is also a hyperrealistic concept.

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Total Quality Management - Essay Example TQM has been designed for companies that are operating in various disciplines and for this reason, each company has different uses and implementation technique of TQM. However, there are organizations that fail to implement TQM at an operational level. Some of the reasons for the failure are as follows:Â   Rigid Organizational CultureOne of the key reasons for failure of TQM is that the implementation of this process requires patience and agility and it requires flexibility in organizational culture. Organizations are required to change their paradigm from a functional to customer focus approach. Organizations that are unable to cope up with this approach can face detrimental consequences because implementation of TQM is not easy and it requires mobility to changing customer needs and business trends. Not every organization can cope up to such changes and this is certainly one of the reasons of failed implementation of TQM.Resistance to ChangeIf a company wants to implement TQM, it should first communicate to its employees the importance of TQM. Every single employee, from the lowest to the highest hierarchical level, should be accepting and willing to adopt this organizational change (Donaldson & Munir, 2013). However, such changes are not successful at times because some employees do not want to come out of their comfort zone and resist to any sort of change. Employees fail to understand the importance of this activity and do not understand that this will improve the productivity and profitability of the company.

Ethical issues In HealthCare Informatics Applies to nursing practice Research Paper

Ethical issues In HealthCare Informatics Applies to nursing practice and Education - Research Paper Example Besides, informatics has been widely used in nursing education process. Future nurses improve their reading, writing, and communication skills through blogs writing, participation in discussions, and writing journal entries. The ethical considerations of the use of informatics in nursing and health care are above all related to data security and data quality issues. Overall, informatics has brought numerous benefits to the field of nursing and nursing education, yet more should be done to resolve ethical dilemmas. Introduction Computers have greatly altered the way we do various things. Health care is not an exception. Within the sphere of health care, informatics is widely used. This paper examines benefits the benefits of health care informatics for nursing practice and education. It also focuses on ethical considerations of the use of informatics in nursing and health care. Benefits of Health Care Informatics for Nursing Recognition of information as the leading health resource ha s led to development of health care informatics (Conrick, 2006, p.12). ... ures which would help medical staff diagnose and treat customers in a more efficient and accurate way (â€Å"The History of Health Informatics†, 2013). Historically, benefits of computers for health care were recognized early in the 20th century, practically application of computers to health care did not became possible until 1950s, when informatics took off in the States. Early computers were mostly used for office purposes as large calculating machines. It is believed that the stage for further developments of health care informatics was set by Robert Ledley, an inventor of the body CT scanner, who used informatics in his dental projects carried out in collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards. After the invention of the LISP and MUMPS languages of programming in the 1960s, computers started to be seen as a means of creation of medical databases, diagnostic systems, and other programs related to health. Throughout the 1970s the potential of informatics for improvi ng data storage and overall quality of patient care was realized (Conrick, 2006, p.12). The cost-saving benefit of using computers in financial and management areas of health care was stated. At the same time, MYCIN was developed for the purposes of helping physicians find the bacteria that caused several infections, as well as recommend medication and dosage for treatment. Besides, it aimed at treating blood clotting problems. INTERNIST-1 was developed at around that time. It was conceived as a system that could be used for supplying medical information to non-medics. The major advancement of 1980s was the development of nursing information systems. This enabled physicians to document a few aspects of records for their patients, which included vital signs, medical orders, discharge planning, and